What primary purpose does an ionization chamber serve in radiation detection?

An ionization chamber is specifically designed to measure ionizing radiation, which includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays. When ionizing radiation passes through the chamber, it interacts with the gas inside, causing ionization—the formation of charged particles (ions). This process generates an electrical current that can be quantified and used to determine the intensity of the radiation.

The primary advantage of ionization chambers is their ability to provide accurate measurements of radiation exposure and dose. They are often used in various applications, including environmental monitoring, medical dosimetry, and radiation safety assessments, making them essential tools in radiation detection.

In comparison, the other choices do not align with the function of an ionization chamber. Measuring radioactive decay involves assessing the rate at which unstable isotopes lose energy, which is not the primary action of an ionization chamber. Additionally, measuring chemical reactions pertains to changes in chemical substances, while measuring magnetic fields involves different types of instrumentation and principles, showcasing that the ionization chamber is strictly focused on ionizing radiation detection.