How do beta particles interact with matter?

Beta particles are indeed high-energy electrons, and this defining characteristic allows them to interact with matter in specific ways. When beta particles travel through materials, they possess sufficient energy to penetrate various substances, making them more penetrating than alpha particles but less so than gamma rays.

The interaction of beta particles with matter occurs primarily through ionization and excitation. As these particles pass through a medium, they can collide with atoms, knocking off electrons and thus ionizing the atoms. However, although beta particles can penetrate materials, they are not invincible; they can be effectively stopped by common substances like plastic, glass, or even a thin layer of aluminum.

This behavior makes it accurate to state that beta particles can penetrate materials but can be stopped by lighter substances, unlike heavier materials, which require beta particles to have higher energy for effective interaction. This nuanced understanding of their penetration capabilities is crucial in radiation detection and safety protocols.